以下紅色字體由我一個一個單字查詢翻譯 如有錯誤請指正 謝謝!
Brake Tech
There is plenty of myth, and a fair amount of fiction, floating around when it comes to brake upgrades.
一談到煞車改裝就充斥著大量的神話以及謊言
You can rely on us to separate the fact from the fiction and to tell it like it really is.
你可以信賴我們來區別出什麼是真什麼是假而了解知道什麼才是事實!
At Powerbrake™ we strive to provide our customers with sound advice and to offer straightforward opinions based on our extensive research into automotive braking.
在Powerbrake™,我們努力廣泛研究汽車煞車的基礎下;去提供客戶忠告以及坦率正直的意見
In this spirit, we have tried to provide the necessary information in this section to educate consumers so that they can make well-informed decisions about which brake products best suit their vehicle and driving style.
秉持著這樣的精神,我們在此章節提供必要的資訊去教育消費者,讓他們可以依照個人車輛以及駕駛習慣作出最佳的選擇
The articles below shed light on the REAL causes underlying common brake problems such as judder, warped discs and brake fade. You will also learn how to squeeze the maximum performance and durability from your brake system.
以下的文章提到真實且常見的原因;舉凡抖動~~碟盤變形~~失去制動力. 你也可以學到如何在你現有的煞車系統擠榨出最大的性能以及耐久性!
For maximum benefit, we recommend reading the following Powerbrake™ articles in the order in which they appear:
為了最大的效益我們忠告讀取以下由 Powerbrake™所提供的文章
The final word on brake judder and 'warped' discs - Read now
第一課 抖動以及碟盤變形

Correct bedding-in of new brake discs and pads - Read now
第二課 新碟盤及煞車來令片的正確磨合
Disc Distortion or ‘warping’ - Read now
第三課 碟盤變形

        

The final word on brake judder and “warped” discs
第一課抖動以及碟盤變形

Brake Tech #01
第一課
In simple terms brake judder is experienced by the driver of a car as a pulsation through the brake pedal and/or side-to-side vibration of the steering wheel under braking.
簡單的來說煞車抖動是當在煞車的同時透過煞車踏板或者方向盤傳遞而來的明顯震動
The above symptoms can be frustrating, disconcerting and result in driver complaints about “warped” brake discs.
以上的症狀導致駕駛洩氣,困惑抱怨的就是所謂的碟盤變形
The phrase “warped brake discs” is used almost universally by uninformed vehicle owners to describe the cause of brake judder.
"碟盤變形"此詞通常讓無知的駕駛來形容造成煞車抖動的主因
The actual underlying causes of brake judder are, without a doubt, the most misunderstood aspect of automotive braking.
毫無疑問的,這樣對實際造成煞車抖動的原因只知其一卻不知其二!
While it is possible for a brake disc to “warp” or distort (i.e. change shape) - disc distortion is responsible for relatively few brake judder complaints in our experience.
然而在我們經驗裡面因為碟盤變形造成煞車抖動的可能是微乎其微
The overwhelming cause of brake judder is a condition called Disc Thickness Variation – period!
這勢不可擋造成煞車抖動的情況我們稱之為"Disc Thickness Variation"
In other words the disc develops a lack of parallelism between its inboard and outboard friction surfaces.
換句話說這片碟盤在內外側發展出不對偁的平行表面
I say, “develops” because even discs that are machined to the very tightest tolerances during production can easily develop Disc Thickness Variation (hereafter referred to as: DTV) due to incorrect fitment or driver abuse.
我會說"發展出",是因為即使在生產過程中用最嚴厲的公差要求所製造出的碟盤也很容易因為錯誤的裝設或者駕駛人為疏失而發展出'碟盤厚度改變'(以下簡稱: DTV)

When the brake pads are pressed up against a disc that has developed DTV they will pass over a series of thinner and thicker areas on the braking surface of the disc in rapid succession.
當煞車來令片對產生DTV的盤子施壓會連續快速的經過連續的薄厚不一的煞車碟盤表面
Considering that the brake pads are being pushed together with substantial force they will be forced down into the ‘cavities’ or thinner areas only to be kicked back violently when reaching the bumps or ‘thicker’ areas.
想像一下當來令片被直接的力量推向'凹處'或者薄處反而被凸起或者厚處粗暴的反踢回來
The frequency of this ‘bouncing’ action is typically over 100 Hertz when braking from highway speeds of around 130kph.
當時速130KPH的時候,這種跳躍的頻率動作會超過100赫茲(周/秒)
This results in pulses that are transmitted through the caliper pistons, via the brake fluid to the driver, who experiences them as brake judder..
這種經由卡鉗活塞透過煞車油傳遞給駕駛的脈動震波即視為煞車抖動..
Causes of DTV
造成DTV的原因

Once you understand the causes of DTV it becomes clear that brake judder problems can be almost completely eradicated by following a few simple rules.
當你了解造成DTV的原因煞車抖動的問題可以完全的依照下列幾個簡單的規則解決
So, what causes DTV? DTV can be caused by a number of factors including disc fitment errors, driver abuse and poor manufacturing processes.
所以,什麼是造成DTV的原因呢?幾個造成DVT的因素包含有:裝設錯誤,駕駛人為疏失以及爛的製造過程
The causes above are mentioned in order of their likelihood of occurrence.
依序介紹以上被提及這些原因發生的可能性.   

DTV Cause No. 1:
Failure to ensure that the mounting surface of the brake disc and hub are perfectly clean prior to disc fitment.
造成DTV的原因1.
疏忽了確定碟盤跟輪鼓之間的接合面並沒有完全乾淨
One of the most common causes of DTV is the failure of the fitter to properly clean the mounting surface of the disc and the vehicle’s hub.
一個最常見造成DTV的原因是安裝工人疏忽正確的清洗碟盤的底座表面以及汽車的輪鼓
The smallest fragment of dirt or rust scale caught between the mating surface of the disc and hub is magnified as you move towards the outside diameter of the disc.
一個最小破裂的塵土或者鐵鏽鱗狀物都會卡住跌盤底座和輪鼓之間而造成擴大間隙使碟盤朝外徑移動
This results in an unacceptable amount of axial run-out (inboard-outboard movement) at the friction surfaces of the brake disc (the areas of the disc that come into contact with the brake pads).
這結果導致一種不可接受在碟盤磨擦表面(與來令片接合的表面)大量的往軸外移動(內測-外側移動)
To put this into perspective, the maximum axial run-out measurement that Powerbrake™ will accept on a newly fitted disc is 0.08mm (measured in the centre of the friction surface of the disc).
以這個觀點來看,Powerbrake™只接受新安裝的碟盤有0.08mm最大的軸外運動測定(從碟盤的摩差面量起)
A single spec of rust scale measuring only 0.05mm (50 microns) in thickness trapped between the mounting surface of the disc and the hub can easily cause the axial run-out value to exceed this tolerance!
一個鱗狀鐵銹大約只有0.05mm(50微米)厚度 限制跌盤底座和輪鼓可以輕易造成軸外移動超出容忍值
Once you have a brake disc that is fitted with unacceptable run-out you have entered a downward spiral that will lead to brake judder and irreversible disc damage over time.
一旦你的碟盤安裝有了不可接受的外移動也就是你安裝了不斷增加導致煞車抖動的永遠不可逆的破壞
Every time you apply your brakes the pads will first come into contact with the disc at the point of maximum run-out.
每次你踩下煞車最先接觸就是碟盤最大的軸外運動的點
In fact, due to the fact that your brake pads retract only fractionally when you release your brakes, excessive run-out often causes a light, continuous rubbing of the disc against the pads at the point of maximum run-out.
事實上,由於你的來令片只在你放開煞車時部份的縮回,過度的外移常造成來令片與碟盤再外移最大點輕微的,持續性的摩擦.
This is happening when you are off the brakes completely!
這是在你完全放開煞車的時候還一直發生的事情
To understand what happens next we need to briefly discuss two broad categories of brake pads.
為了了解這之間發生什麼接下來我們需要簡短概略的討論有關於煞車來令片的兩個種類
The first category of pads relies more heavily on the concept of abrasion to slow your car down.
首先,第一個種類的來令片,整體觀念來說透過來令片磨損來交替動能讓車子慢下來
In simple terms this involves the mechanical gripping and breaking off of opposing pad and disc materials at a molecular level.
由簡單金屬分子層面觀點的看,這些包含了來令片和碟盤的金屬分子合成及分解的物理作用
The materials literally wear each other away in the process.
這些金屬材料在這過程中逐漸的互相磨損
The harder material (typically the disc) will wear slower than the softer friction material of the brake pad.
比較硬性的材料(代表性的是碟盤)會磨損的比軟性材料來令片來的快
The second category of pads relies more heavily on the concept of adhesion.
第二個種類來令片以黏著力的觀念來交替動能
In this case some of the pad friction material is transferred to across to the contact surface of the disc, where it forms a thin, uniform layer of friction material.
假設來令片的材質與接觸碟盤材質層面薄薄的均勻摩差
Essentially you now have the friction material of the pad coming into contact with identical friction material that has been deposited on the surface of the disc.
實質上來令摩差材質接觸沉澱在碟盤表面上相同的摩差材質
Under braking, the bonds between the friction material of the brake pad and the friction material deposited on the disc are constantly breaking and reforming.
在煞車之下,煞車來令片摩差材質以及沉澱在碟盤表面上的摩擦材質之間不斷的分解和重整的結合力
Material crosses the pad/disc interface in both directions as the molecular bonds continually break and reform.
材料的混合物介面(來令片/碟盤) 在兩者間分子結合持續分解與重整

All pad formulations use a combination of both abrasion and adhesion but some pads (such as common semi-metallic formulations) rely more heavily on abrasion and others (such as many high temperature ‘Ferro-Carbon’ fast-road and race formulations) rely far more heavily on adhesion.
所有來令片規劃是用結合將磨損力和黏著力兩者但有些來令片(像是很多半金屬方程式)仰賴更多磨損力和其他(像是很多高溫度'碳化物'賽車方程式)遠遠仰賴更多的黏著力
Abrasive and adhesive pads affect the formation of DTV in different ways.
磨擦力和黏著力的來令片是以完全不同的方式影響行成DTV

Back to our brake disc that was fitted without the hub and mounting surface of the disc being carefully cleaned.
回到我們剛剛提到當碟盤底座跟輪鼓表面安裝時並沒有測底清潔的話題
Let’s assume that the rust scale on the hub caused the disc to have a run-out of 0.1mm.
讓我們假設鱗狀的鐵鏽在輪鼓上造成碟盤往外軸移動了0.1mm
On many vehicles this will NOT be felt as brake judder by the vehicle owner when he collects his vehicle from the fitment centre.
在很多的汽車上當駕駛離開保養場時並沒辦法感覺到煞車抖動
He drives off a happy customer. However, after a period of between 1000 and 6000 kilometres of driving the brakes begin to develop a judder, which gets progressively worse.
他開走了而且是個很開心的顧客,然而,過了一千至六千公里的行駛過後開始有了震動,事情已經越來越嚴重了!
The vehicle owner complains to the fitment centre, who assumes that the discs have “warped”…right…wrong!
這個汽車駕駛到了保養場抱怨,他假設碟盤已經"變形"了...真的嗎?...錯了!
Even the best quality discs money could buy would have developed the same brake judder.
就算是在貴的品質再好的碟盤也會產生同樣的煞車抖動
Here’s why…. As explained above, the disc was continually coming into contact with the pads at the point of maximum run-out first.
為什麼呢...就如同以上說明,來令片沒有持續性的接觸在碟盤最大的外移點
If abrasive pads were being used this area of the disc would wear down quicker than the rest of the disc surface causing DTV, which is felt as an intrusive judder.
如果是使用磨擦力的來令片碟盤則會磨損的很快使碟盤產生DTV,感覺很像侵入的抖動
If adhesive pads were being run then the pads would have deposited more material on the initial contact point (the area of max. run-out) than on the rest of the disc surface.
如果是使用黏著力的來另片而且來令片的材質已經沉澱很多材質黏著在最大外移點的碟盤上
Again this leads to DTV and brake judder. (See Figure 1 and 2)
這也會造成DTV感覺很像阻礙性的抖動(見圖1.圖2)

圖一

圖二
It gets worse! Once you have the development of DTV the surface of the disc will begin to heat unevenly.
更糟的是!當你有了形成DTV表面的碟盤時,這個碟盤開始失去了熱穩定.
The high spots will get extremely hot compared to the rest of the disc.
有著汙點的區塊溫度將會超出碟盤其他區塊溫度很多
When the temperature around these high spots reaches 650 – 700°C. the cast iron in that area will change structurally and transform into a material called Cementite.
當這些汙點區塊溫度達到攝氏650-700度,這區塊的鑄鐵將改變結構而轉變成一種材料物質,我們叫做滲碳體.
Cementite is far harder than the cast iron of the unaffected parts of the disc and will therefore wear considerably less as the disc wears down with use.
滲碳體是遠比碟盤上正常的鑄鐵還要硬的物質而且磨損的相對於正常的鑄鐵還要少.
Cementite also has very poor heat sink properties and will therefore continue to run extremely hot resulting in the rapid spread of the Cementite formation deeper and deeper into the disc.
滲碳體也有一個對於熱含量很差的物理特性,然而持續的加熱導致滲碳體的結構往碟盤深層迅速的分裂
As a result the DTV will get progressively worse with time until it becomes literally unbearable to use the brakes.
當產生DTV之後就會每況愈下直到碟盤完全沒有煞車為止.
Depending on the pads used and the driving style of the vehicle owner this process could take 1000 – 6000 kilometres to develop and, NO, the initial run-out will not necessarily be felt by the driver. Hence the confusion and clinging to the concept of brake discs “warping”.
正常駕駛的習慣還有使用方式來說,這個過程大概是1000-6000公里左右就會產生DTV,喔不.當你還困惑並且固執的還相信'碟盤變形'這樣的觀念時,最初的軸外移駕駛並不一定能夠感受的到.



DTV Cause No. 2: Improper bedding-in of new discs and pads.
造成DTV的原因2.新碟盤及煞車來令片的不適當的磨合
After fitting a new set of discs and pads (or when running a set of used pads on new discs) it is ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL that the correct bed-in procedure be followed!
當安裝完一個新的來令片以及碟盤之後(或者只安裝一個新的碟盤),絕對要吹毛求疵的正確磨合過程.
It is important that an even, consistent layer of friction material is transferred from the pads to the disc surface before the brakes are run at very high temperatures.
在讓煞車達到很高溫之前,讓來令和跌盤的摩差面的材質達到一致性是很重要的
This material transfer is normally best achieved under moderate braking at low to medium brake temperatures.
在適度的中低溫的煞車情況下能夠達到最好的材料轉移
Most pad manufacturers issue clear bed-in instructions.
大部分的來令製造商都有附上清楚的磨合使用指南.
If not, you need to read our Brake Tech article #2: Correct bedding-in of new brake discs and pads.
如果沒有,你就必須要讀取 Brake Tech article #2:新碟盤及煞車來令片的正確磨合.
If the flashpoint temperature (the temperature at the interface between the discs and pads) gets too hot, before an even layer of friction material has been established, material transfer will become random and erratic resulting in uneven, spot material transfer and the formation of DTV. (See Figure 3).
如果瞬間溫度(這溫度在碟盤跟來令的介面)太高,在摩擦物質平面層建立起來前,無規則的物質轉移導致不平整,則形成了DTV.(見圖片三)

圖三

We’ve already established what happens after that…
我們已經確定為什麼會發生這樣的情況......

Apart from causing uneven friction material transfer, failure to follow the correct bed-in procedure can also lead to distortion (change in shape) of new discs.
新的盤子忽略遵循正確的磨合過程也會導致扭曲(改變形狀),造成部分的摩擦材料不平整的轉換.
The distortion will once again result in axial run-out, the formation of DTV and brake judder (see article on Distortion).
這些變形也可能是因為軸外移,形成DTV還有煞車抖動(請看第一篇--變形文章)
Understand this – brake pads and discs are not like a new performance exhaust system that you can fit to your vehicle and then go out and drive hard immediately to test your new modification.
要認知的是-煞車來令和碟盤並不像新的改裝排氣管一樣,你可以馬上裝了之後就出去測試你所做的改變.
With new brake discs and pads you have a very simple choice - Bed them in correctly or you WILL destroy them and cost yourself money!
裝了新的碟盤跟來令片你只有唯一選擇-好好的正確的磨合它或者你將會毀掉他們並且花更多的錢!

DTV Cause No. 3:Fitting the wrong brake pad compound for your driving style.
造成DTV的原因3.用錯了符合你駕駛習慣的來令片
All brake pads have a temperature range that they are designed to operate within.
所有的來令片在設計的時候都有一個工作溫度範圍
If you exceed that temperature range, you will set into motion a chain of events that can ruin your pads AND discs in no time.
如果你超過了溫度工作範圍,你將立即讓你的來令跟碟盤陷入了一連串悲劇的開始
Even if you took the time to bed your new discs and pads in correctly and establish an even, consistent layer of friction material transfer on the disc surface, you still need to keep flashpoint temperatures within the operating limits of the friction material that you are using.
即使你用時間好好的磨合你的來令片,有平整的磨合層在你的碟盤表面,你還是要讓瞬間溫度保持在操作範圍裏面
If you exceed the pads maximum temperature limit the pad will again begin to transfer friction material in a random and uneven pattern (See Figure 3) leading to formation of DTV and all the resulting long term hassles.
一但你超過了來令片的最大工作溫度,來令片還是會無規則且不平整的轉換摩擦物質,導致DTV的形成而且惹上了大麻煩
Although this will happen at a far higher temperature than it would have before the pads and discs were bedded-in, it will happen nevertheless.
雖然只會在極高溫的情況下發生,然而無論如何都會發生就算你已經好好的磨合了你的來令碟盤.
The solution is to run a pad compound that is designed to work optimally at the temperatures that your driving style produces.
唯一解決的辦法就是使用專屬於你駕駛習慣設計的合成來令片
In other words - Match your brake pads to your driving style.
換句話說-依照你的駕駛習慣選擇來令片
I don’t want to get into a lengthy discussion about pad compounds, which can get extremely complex.
我不想因為爭論複雜的來令片種類來陷入筆戰
What I do want to point out is that there is no miracle “All round brake pad” that will offer perfect friction, no noise and smooth braking for all tasks ranging from taking the kids to school to doing hard laps at a weekend track day!
我只是想點出這世界上沒有神奇般(適合所有情況)的來令片,既可以提供完美的摩差力,沒有煞車異音,又可以讓你在週末瘋狂的飆車然後平順的接送小孩去學校
If your driving needs are that diverse you will have to either compromise or get more than one set of brake pads and change them before club events or track days.
你要不就是對這樣的狀況妥協不然就是多準備幾組來令片提供你去參加競賽之前更換
Generally speaking, pads that are designed for everyday commuting will offer good friction from cold up to disc temperatures of around 350°C.
一般來說,適合通勤者的來令片大約都能在攝氏0~350度都能提供好的摩差力
They should offer a smooth comfortable brake action and be relatively noise free.
這些來令片通常都必須要有平順,舒適和低噪音的表現
Pads designed for high temperature use (over 350°C) will generally offer reasonably poor cold friction and be noisier, less comfortable and often dust terribly.
一般耐高溫的來令片設計(超過攝氏350度),理所當然的低溫煞車摩差力較差,比較吵,不舒適而且很嚴重的粉塵
Some fast-road pads will offer acceptable cold-friction and remain consistent to about 500 – 550°C.
有些競技型的來令片可以提供攝氏0至500甚至550度的情況下都有好的煞車制動力
These pads tend to offer acceptable, rather than good, comfort and noise characteristics.
這些來令片傾向提供差強人意的舒適跟噪音特質
In many cases they will not withstand the temperatures associated with serious club events, track days or even extreme road driving.
在很多情況下他們禁不起一連串的賽事或者極至的道路駕駛
Beware of scenarios where you fit standard road pads to your wife’s car, not taking into account that your 18-year-old son has just got his driver’s license and thinks he is Michael Schumacher.
當心有一天你剛得到駕照的兒子,幻想他是舒馬克而駕駛著你老婆的車子出門
Also beware of fitting high temperature pads to your sports car and not telling your wife about the reasonably low cold-friction characteristics.
也要當心忘了跟你老婆說為什麼你的跑車在低溫的時候完全沒有煞車
If you decide to have two sets of pads, then be sure to fit the high-temperature pads a week or two before an upcoming club event or track day in order to re-bed the discs and replace the old friction deposits with a transfer layer from the performance pads.
如果你打算擁有兩套來令片,那麼要確定在新的賽事來臨之前安裝高溫的來令片一至兩週,將在碟盤上舊的摩差表面替換過去以達到跟碟盤的再度摩合

Failure to do this will result in poor brake performance on the day and can damage your discs.
疏忽了這個步驟將會沒有煞車而且會傷了你的碟盤
Please don’t choose a brake pad because your friend says it works well when it’s hot.
別因為你的朋友說:'這個來令片在高溫的時候超猛的!'而選擇這樣的來令片
You would not believe the amount of misinformation and urban legend that we hear on a daily basis with regards to pad compounds.
千萬別相信道聽塗說還有相信很多城市傳奇的謠言!
Find out from the manufacturer of the pads whether they suite your intended application!!
找出製造業者提供建議你適用於你的來令片
As far as price is concerned, you get what you pay for.
盡可能的依造你的經濟考量選擇
Performance pads cost more to produce than standard road pads do.
高性能的來令片當然是比標準的來令片來的貴
We strongly suggest spending the money and getting the right pads for the job but it’s your life at the end of the day…
我們強烈建議錢要花在刀口上

Disc temperatures - rough guidelines:
碟盤溫度~~初步的選擇方針
Normal urban commuting: 80 - 250°C.
平常市區通勤用:攝氏80-250度
Braking from highway speeds: 200 - 350°C.
高速公路用:攝氏200-350度
Consecutive heavy braking: 300 - 550°C.
連續重踩煞車用:攝氏300-550度
Continuous consecutive heavy braking without cooling periods (abuse): 550 - 800°C.
連續重踩煞車都沒有休息(妄用):攝氏550-800度
Closed circuit racing with OE brake systems (Production Car Racing): 500 - 900°C.
繞行賽特制碟盤(賽事設計):攝氏500-900度

哇  大大你會不會太有心了呀

好長的文!晚點再看~先上工!!!

DTV Cause No. 4: Severe overheating of your brake discs
造成DTV的原因4.碟盤嚴重過熱
As discussed above, cast iron will transform into super-hard material called Cementite at temperatures of around 650 – 700°C.
如同以上討論,鑄鐵在大約高溫攝氏650-700度的時候會轉化成一種超級-硬的材質,我們稱之為
滲碳體
We’ve established that Cementite will wear slower than the surrounding cast iron and will therefore lead to DTV as the disc wears.
我們已經確定滲碳體會比周圍的鑄鐵來的不容易磨損,因而導致碟盤的DTV的產生
What we see in discs that are run regularly at temperatures exceeding 610°C is that Cementite formations typically first start to appear in the areas of the disc that fall between the underlying cooling vanes of the rotor.
當碟盤平均的溫度超過攝氏610度,滲碳體典型的開始出現在碟盤和通風散熱域中間
This makes perfect sense, as there is less material in contact with these areas of the disc to absorb and distribute the heat.
合理的,接觸碟盤的區域,越來越少材料可以承受以及分佈熱能
As a result the areas between vanes run hotter and will start to transform earlier than the areas that have vanes directly beneath them.
由於這些區塊越來越熱而且開始比正常散熱區域容易來的物理轉換
Cementite formations are normally visible as blue/black areas on the disc surface. (See Figure 4)
滲碳體通常就出現在碟盤表面的藍/黑部分了(見圖四)
圖片四
What are the causes of severe disc overheating?
什麼樣的原因造成跌盤嚴重過熱呢?
First and foremost - driving style. We have worked with numerous car enthusiasts and racecar drivers that are fast but do not destroy brakes.
首先-駕駛習慣.我們處理過的為數眾多熱心的駕駛以及賽車手的車輛中並沒有發生煞車失靈
On the other hand we come across people regularly who manage to reach disc temperatures of 800°C on urban roads.
換句話說.,我們偶而碰見一些人,他們習慣性的在市區駕駛中將碟盤操到攝氏800度
This is absolutely nothing to be proud of!
這是無庸置疑的,不需要去證明什麼!
It is very simple to destroy any set of brake discs.
不管什麼樣的碟盤,要破壞它是非常簡單的
Your brakes convert kinetic energy into heat in order to slow your vehicle.
煞車就是將動能轉換成熱能來讓你的車慢下來
A medium size sedan will produce enough heat when stopping from 80km/h to boil 2 litres of water in 3 seconds.
當一輛中型的轎車從時速80公里煞停下來,可以提供足夠的熱能讓兩公升的水在三秒鐘沸騰起來.
A typical driver will apply their brakes about once every kilometer, which means that an average brake disc is expected to go through this extreme heating and cooling cycle around 100,000 times in its life.
一個典型的駕駛大概每公里都會踩一下煞車,這意味著每塊碟盤一生中在極熱與冷卻的過程來來回回大約10萬次
If the driver knows how to use their brakes correctly this will not be a problem.
如果每個駕駛都知道如何正確的使用煞車,那麼這就不再是問題了!

Discs are designed to cool rapidly between brake applications.
當煞車的過程中,跌盤是被設計成可以迅速的冷卻下來
Typically, after severe (emergency) applications the discs will be allowed to cool.
典型的,在嚴重的(緊急的)煞車過程之後,碟盤必須是要可允許冷卻的
The problem arises when the brakes are used hard in rapid and continuous succession without allowing the discs enough cooling time between applications.
問題產生在碟盤被迅速猛踩還有連續作用的煞車過程中,沒有足夠的時間讓碟盤冷卻下來
This creates a compounding of excess heat that will quickly run over the crucial 610°C mark.
這樣產生增加大量的熱迅速的超過攝氏610度的臨界點
So the message is simple – By all means, use your brakes hard when you need to but you MUST allow enough cooling time between applications for the disc to cool.
所以由此可見-當你需要時只管用力的踩你的煞車,但是你必須要讓他有足夠的時間在每次煞車中可以冷卻下來
All Powerbrake™ discs feature our unique Max Temp Recording (MTR) heat sensitive paint system that allows our customers to establish the maximum temperature that their discs are reaching. (See Figure 5)
所有的Powerbrake™碟盤有我們獨特的特色最大溫度紀錄(MTR)熱感漆系統
允許我們的顧客達到最大的碟盤溫度(見圖五)

圖片五
The other common cause for severe overheating is sticking (unlubricated or rusted) guidebolts or pins on calipers.
另外造成嚴重過熱的情況常見的是卡鉗上導向螺栓(沒有潤滑的或者生鏽的)或者導引桿(又稱自動調整梢也有叫分泵推進梢)卡死
It is ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL to lubricate caliper guide bolts and pins when changing brake pads.
在更換來令片時不可或缺的是一定要潤滑卡鉗導向螺栓以及導引桿
If the guide bolts are damaged or badly rusted they MUST be replaced.
如果導向螺栓壞了或者嚴重生鏽就必須要更換
Sticking guide bolts will cause your brake pads to drag constantly on the disc, even when you are off the brakes.
導向螺栓卡死會造成來令片持續拖著碟盤走,即使你已經放開了煞車
Even a light dragging action WILL overheat and destroy a brake disc.
即使輕輕的拖者碟盤也會造成過熱甚至破壞碟盤


DTV Cause No. 5: Pad Etching
造成DTV的原因5.來令腐蝕
Whenever possible you should try not to come to a complete stop and leave your foot on the brake pedal when your discs are very hot.
當你的碟盤非常熱的時候,無論什麼時候你應該盡可能的試著放開你的煞車踏板且不要馬上停車
Of course it is no problem to leave the brakes applied at intersections etc.
during normal urban driving because the brakes are not excessively hot under these conditions.
當然沒問題的,當你在市區十字路口駕駛時隨時踩著煞車.因為這樣的情況下煞車並不會非常的熱.
Discs will be very hot after heavy consecutive braking or a long brake application from high speed.
只有在持續的重踩煞車或者高速煞車情況下跌盤才會非常的熱
Leaving the brake pads clamped to a very hot disc will lead to ‘pad etching’ or ‘pad welding’ in which friction material from the pads will be unevenly deposited on the disc surface at the point of contact.
讓來令片夾住非常熱的碟盤會導致'來令腐蝕'或'來令熔接'讓來令的摩差層會不平整的沉澱在碟盤表面
This can lead to DTV and will often be visible to the eye as the outline of a brake pad on the surface of the disc.
這樣會造成DTV且用肉眼可常見到來令片的外型印在碟盤表面
Bear in mind that when you stop the discs no longer have air flowing over them, which means that they will cool far slower than if you were moving!
謹記在心,當你停車之後碟盤就再也沒有空氣冷卻了,意思是比車子在動的時候冷卻的更慢
People who do track days need to pay particular attention to pad etching.
如果你今天進行激烈的賽事之後更需要注意這個情況
DO NOT pull into the pits and stop with your foot on the brake pedal after a fast lap!
當你跑很快之後別將你的腳踩著煞車踏板且進入維修站並且停車
This will lead to pad etching, among other problems.
這樣會讓來令片腐蝕
The reason that racecar drivers have cool down laps is to allow their brakes (and other components) to cool to more moderate temperatures before parking the vehicle.
這就是賽車手在停車之前會多跑幾圈來適度降低煞車(還有其他零件)的溫度的理由
So, if you have been indulging in some fast-road driving or have braked from high speed on a highway off-ramp it is not a bad idea to let your car roll back slightly (if there is no traffic behind you) or gently edge forwards rather than leaving the brakes applied at the intersection.
所以，如果你剛開過快車或者從高速公路交流道煞車下來，讓車稍微「回溫」不失為一個好主意(如果你後面沒有車的話)或者寧願慢慢的往前移動也不要在十字路口前踩煞車
Also, try to slow down and allow your brakes to cool slightly before arriving home and parking your car.
當然,當你回家停車之前試著慢下來別踩煞車讓煞車冷下來

DTV Cause No. 6 – Manufacturing errors
造成DTV的原因6. 製程錯誤
Up to this point all of the causes of DTV that we have covered have been a result of fitment or driver error.
所有有關於安裝或者駕駛人為因素造成DTV的情況我們都提到了
Can DTV be caused by poor manufacturing practices? Yes, manufacturing errors can lead to DTV.
有可能在不佳的製造過程中造成DTV嗎?是的,製造過程發生錯誤的確會導致DTV
We regularly buy OE and aftermarket discs and inspect them for manufacturing quality.
我們經常買原廠和修配用零件市場的碟盤且檢視他們的製造品質
Although we do come across discs that have unacceptable DTV measurements (a lack of parallelism) from the factory, it is more common to find discs leave the factory with excessive run-out measurements.
雖然我們偶然從工廠取得的碟盤有不可接受的DTV標準(失去平整度),更容易找到工廠中過分軸外移的碟盤

A new disc with DTV will result in judder being felt almost immediately after fitment and getting progressively worse.
一個有DTV的新碟盤,在安裝之後幾乎會馬上感覺到抖動而且日與劇增,每況愈下!
A new disc with run-out may only develop DTV and judder at mileages of between 1000 and 6000 kilometres.
一個新碟盤如果有軸外移只會在1000至6000公里之後才會發展出DTV並且剎車抖動

The other common manufacturing fault is severe mass imbalance due to core-shift in the casting process.
另外一個常見的製造錯誤是發生在鑄造過程中,嚴重的對於中心軸不均質量.
Of course this leads to balance problems but more importantly it can lead to differing operating temperatures on the surface of the disc due to differences in material thickness and therefore heat sink.
當然這導致了平衡問題,但更重要的是這也會導致碟盤表面不同的操作溫度而導致不同的材質厚度以及熱函值
This can lead to disc distortion and uneven friction material deposits.
這也會導致碟盤變形扭曲解不平整的摩差物質沉澱
All Powerbrake™ discs are inspected for core shift and machine balanced prior to packaging and shipment. (See Figure 6)
所有Powerbrake™在包裝及運送過程前,在中心軸和動態平衡上有嚴格的檢視(見圖六)

  
圖片六
Powerbrake™ discs are machined to tolerances up to 3 times tighter than the norm in order to ensure perfect brake function.
Powerbrake™的碟盤為了保證提供好的煞車工程,容許公差值比一般規範還要嚴格三倍
In addition to this EVERY SINGLE Powerbrake™ disc is measured in all critical dimensions prior to packaging and shipment.
除此之外每一片 Powerbrake™碟盤在包裝及運送前都經過嚴格的測量檢驗
Measuring is performed using equipment capable of measuring accurately in increments of 0.005mm (5 microns).
使用可以準確測量精準直0.005mm(5微米)的儀器確實的測量
We will NEVER ship a disc that has unacceptable run-out or DTV – period!
我們決不賣出有不可接受的軸外移或者DTV的碟盤---就是這樣!沒什麼好說的!
This 100% inspection policy is extremely rare from disc manufacturers and is just one of the reasons that we are extremely confident in our finished product.
這100%檢視的政策是非常極致的製作要求也是唯一對於我們的產品非常有自信的理由
Rules for avoiding DTV
避免DTV的不二法則
As mentioned earlier the development of DTV can be almost completely eradicated by following a few simple rules. Here they are:
如同先前提到的產生DTV可以有跡可循,他們有:
*Ensure that BOTH the mounting surface of the disc (normally the inside of the hat) and the vehicle’s hub are PERFECTLY CLEAN and free from rust scale or any other form of dirt.The disc can be cleaned using a cloth and suitable solvent. The hub should be cleaned using a soft wire brush or emery paper followed by wiping with a cloth and solvent until perfectly silver.
確定碟盤(一般是碟盤底座)的表面以及汽車輪鼓的表面完全乾淨沒有任何灰塵以及鐵銹麟狀物.碟盤可以用布還有溶解劑清潔.輪鼓則是要用軟鐵刷刷過或者砂紙磨過之後再用布和溶解劑清潔直到看到金屬表面為止

*Insist that the fitter measures disc run-out with a dial gauge after fitting each new disc. This takes no longer than 5 minutes per side and is definitely worth the effort! If the run-out value exceeds 0.08mm the disc must be removed and the hub re-cleaned. If the problem persists then the hub should be measured for run-out using the dial gauge. A hub run-out in excess of 0.04mm is problematic.
堅決要求安裝工人在安裝每塊新碟盤之後,用測量儀器丈量碟盤軸外移.這不會花太多時間的並且確認錢花的值得.如果有軸外移超過了0.08mm,這樣碟盤肯定要從新拆下來並且從新清潔輪鼓.如果這個問題在之後還持續發生那麼就要測量輪鼓了.輪鼓如果超過了0.04mm的軸外移那麼就是問題所在了
*Always bed-in new brake discs and pads according to manufacturer’s recommendations. This allows for an even, uniform layer of friction material to be deposited on the disc surface, creates a proper wear pattern and avoids disc distortion. For more information see the Brake Tech article #2: Correct bedding-in of new brake discs and pads.
記得依照製造商提供的磨合建議去磨合新的碟盤跟來令片.這樣可以平整,使摩差材質層可以沉澱在碟盤的表面,創造一個適合的摩合形式且避免碟盤變形.請參考Brake Tech article #2:新碟盤及煞車來令片的正確磨合.
*Select the correct pad compound for your driving style. If necessary have two sets of pads. One for road use and one for club events and track days. Always bed-in your high-temperature pads for a week prior to a track day or club event.
選擇適合你的駕駛習慣的來令片.如果有需要的話請準備兩套來令片.一個唯一般街道使用,一個則
是極度駕駛使用.請記得在你參賽之前一周換上競技型的來令片以適度的磨合
* Avoid running your discs at temperatures over 610°C. This can be achieved by allowing the discs sufficient time to cool between brake applications. Continuous, consecutive heavy braking in rapid succession destroys discs and pads. Ensure that the guide bolts and pins in your calipers are well lubricated, free of rust and moving freely.
避免讓碟盤的溫度超過攝氏610度.這樣可以讓碟盤在每次煞車過程中有足夠的時間冷下來.持續性的並且過重的瞬間煞車會毀壞你的碟盤跟來令片.確定卡鉗上的導向螺栓和導引桿有良好的潤滑,沒有生鏽而且作動正常
*Do not leave your foot on the brake pedal when you stop with extremely hot brake discs. Slow down and allow the passing air to cool your brakes to a moderate temperature before parking the vehicle.
別讓你的腳持續的踏在煞車踏板尤其是剛停車的熱碟盤上.停車前慢慢的滑行而且讓空氣冷卻你的煞車直到適當的溫度
*Buy brake discs from a manufacturer that checks every single disc for DTV and run-out prior to shipment.
向出貨前有檢測過每塊碟盤的DTV,軸外移的製造商購買煞車碟盤

Correct bedding-in of new brake discs and pads
Brake Tech #02
第二課 正確的磨合新的碟盤跟來令片
Far too many people make the mistake of fitting upgrade brake parts and then going out immediately and driving hard in order to test the performance their newly fitted brakes.
很多人犯了這樣的錯誤,當他們換了新的煞車改裝零件之後就馬上跑出去大操特操想要知道他們心換的改裝零件到底強不強
DO NOT MAKE THIS MISTAKE!
別犯這樣的錯誤了!
Using your brakes hard immediately after fitting new discs and pads can result in permanent damage to the discs, poor brake performance, brake judder, shortened disc life and even complete brake failure.
安裝了新的碟盤跟煞車之後馬上就狠狠的操它會讓你的碟盤永遠性的損壞,沒有煞車力道,煞車抖動,大大的簡短了碟盤的壽命甚至導致完全沒有煞車
You have spent good money upgrading your brakes. Take a little time to bed them in correctly and you will enjoy maximum brake performance and product life.
既然你已經花了大筆的錢升級了你的煞車.多點耐心去正確的磨合你的煞車而且這樣你更能夠享受到
最佳的煞車制動力以及延長煞車的生命
Why do brake discs and pads need to bedded-in?
為什麼碟盤跟來令需要被磨合呢?
1. To avoid disc distortion and cracking.
1.避免碟盤變形以及裂掉
During the disc casting process molten iron is poured into sand moulds at temperatures in excess of 1350˚C and allowed to cool rapidly into solid form.
碟盤鑄造過程中,熔鐵在超過攝氏1350度的溫度下被灌入沙模且迅速的冷卻變成固體
This rapid cooling causes internal stresses to be ‘stored’ within the disc casting.
這樣的迅速冷卻造成內應力被儲存在碟盤裡面
Gradual and moderate thermal cycling (as is experienced when bedding-in discs properly after fitment) can effectively relieve these stresses but sudden, dramatic temperature changes can lead to distortion or cracking of the disc.
逐步的且適度的熱循環(就像安裝新碟盤之後適度的磨合)可以成功的釋放這些內應力,但是突然的,劇烈的溫度改變則會導致變形或者甚至碟盤龜裂
If you’ve ever watched a block of ice in a glass crack suddenly when a warmer liquid is poured into the glass, then you have witnessed a perfect demonstration of stored internal stresses being relieved suddenly through cracking.
如果你曾經看過當熱水灌入充滿冰塊的杯子,那麼你將會看到內應力是如何迅速的釋放而讓杯子破裂
The stresses in the ice are formed as a result of the rapid cooling of the water, in a freezer, into solid form.
在冰箱當水急速冷卻之後成為冰塊的時候就是會有內應力的產生
If the ice block were warmed slowly it would not crack.
如果冰塊被慢慢加熱,那麼他將不會爆裂
It’s the SUDDEN change of temperature (or thermal shock), caused by the ice coming into contact with the warmer liquid, that causes the internal stresses to relieve themselves by cracking.
如果突然的溫度改變(熱衝擊),讓冰塊跟熱液體接觸,那麼釋放的熱應力則會使冰塊爆裂.

Following a moderate and progressive bed-in process is an effective way to stress-relieve new brake discs and avoid ‘thermal shock’ that leads to disc distortion and/or cracking.
遵守適度的且漸進式的磨合過程是一個有效的釋放內應力的方法,可以避免'熱衝擊'讓碟盤變型或者龜裂
Although Powerbrake™ discs undergo proprietary ‘weathering’ processes that stress-relieve the castings and increase their resistance to distortion and cracking, they will still benefit substantially from correct bedding-in.
雖然Powerbrake™的碟盤都有經過我們的專利'風化"處理過程去釋放內應力且加強他們對變型及
龜裂的抵抗力.不過實質上還是得做正確的磨合過程.
2. To achieve maximum contact area between friction material and disc surface.
2.為完成來令以及碟盤最好的接觸表面
The friction surface of a new set of brake pads is far from being perfectly flat.
一個新的來令片摩差表面是非常趨近於完美平面的
To a lesser extent the braking surface of a new disc also has minute ‘peaks and valleys’ left by machining or grinding during manufacture.
一個新的碟盤在生產及加工過程中,多少都有一些凹凸不平
The result is that a new set of discs and pads start off by braking on only a percentage of the maximum surface area that is intended to do the work.
這導致新的碟盤和來令開始磨合之前,表面只有一個最大的百分比讓煞車工作
The parts of the friction material that are initially in contact with the disc will overheat very quickly.
這樣讓部分新的摩差材質接觸碟盤的瞬間可能會容易過熱
Similarly, the areas of the disc surface that are initially making contact will heat quickly while the non-contact areas remain cooler.
同樣的,這些碟盤跟來另有接觸的部分是熱的,跟來令沒接觸的部份溫度是冷的.
This differential heating of the disc surface can result in disc distortion.
這樣的溫度差別可能使得碟盤變形
Proper bed-in allows the new disc and pads to achieve maximum contact before being subjected to intense heat.
所以適當的磨合新碟盤跟來令片去達到最大的接觸表面來承受最大的熱
3. To allow a layer of friction material to be evenly transferred to the disc surface.
3.讓來令片的摩差材質可以平整的傳送到碟盤表面
Correct transfer of pad friction material to the disc surface is essential in order to avoid brake judder and maximize brake performance.
正確的傳送摩差材質至碟盤表面是達到最大煞車效能及避免煞車抖動不可或缺的過程
Following the correct bed-in procedure allows a thin layer of pad friction material to be EVENLY transferred to the disc surface.
所以遵守正確的磨合過程可以讓摩差表面平整的傳送到碟盤的比面
Running the brakes too hot before this layer has been established will result in random, uneven ‘spot’ transferring of fiction material to the disc.
如果讓煞車過熱那麼這個摩差材質錶成將會不平整,無規則的,像痣一樣的留在碟盤表面
This results in DTV, which in turn causes a downward spiral in which the brake discs can be permanently damaged. (To learn more about DTV and brake judder click here).
這樣就導致DTV了,這樣就會讓你的碟盤日與劇增,每況愈下的到最後會被終結破壞(請讀取有關於DTV和煞車抖動的文章)
4. To ‘burnish’ the brake pads.
4.'拋光'你的來令片
Many pad compounds use organic resins in conjunction with binding fibres to bind the friction material together.
很多來令的摩差材質合成物,混入使用有機的合成樹脂和纖維黏著劑
At high temperatures these resins start to evaporate.
高溫的時候這些樹脂開始揮發
The gases that are formed as a result of the evaporating resins can form a film or ‘cushion’ between the pad and disc surface causing ‘pad lift’ and reducing friction.
這些從樹脂揮發的氣體形成薄狀物或者'多餘贅肉',夾在來令跟碟盤中間造成摩差力降低
This phenomenon is called “outgassing” and is one of the causes of brake fade.
這種現象被稱之為'氣化效應',這也是一種造成煞車降低的原因ㄓㄧ
Outgassing is far more prevalent with newly installed pads in which case it is often referred to as “green fade”.
來令氣化是一種普遍在心安裝的來令片上面發生的情況
Bedding-in a new set of pads correctly will burn off the resins near to the contact surface of the friction material resulting in stable friction co-efficient.
正確磨合新來令可以將這些樹脂燃燒掉,讓摩差表面跟碟盤表面交互作用
The above process is referred to as “pad burnishing”.
這樣的過程就有點像'拋光來令片'

.Bedding-in procedure for new discs and pads
磨合新來令片跟碟盤的過程
IMPORTANT:Brake function and performance will ALWAYS be reduced during the period between the fitting of new brake discs and/or pads and the completion of the manufacturers recommended bed-in procedure.
重點:安裝新來令碟盤直到完成製造廠商建議磨合的過程之前,這段期間的制動力一定是很差的
CAUTION should be exercised during this period until the brakes are operating at full efficiency.
警告:再這段期間一定要非常的小心直到達到完整的煞車制動力為止
If at all possible cycle 1 and 2 (below) should be conducted in a quiet area, away from traffic and other obstacles.
如果都依造以下步驟1和步驟2持續做了一段時間,將會遠離交通以及其他的困擾了
Allow plenty of safe run-off space in case of the onset of severe “green fade”.
The amount of “green fade” experienced will differ from one friction material to another.

Pre Bed-in Cycle:
預磨合過程:
Drive slowly for 1 week (at least 300km’s) after fitting new discs and pads.
安裝完新的來令跟碟盤之後,第一個禮拜慢慢的開(至少300公里)
Use moderate brake applications during this time and try to avoid long brake applications from speeds in excess of 100 kph.
過程中慢慢的適度踩煞車,當時速超過100公里時避免深踩煞車

Normal urban commuting, using your brakes from moderate speeds about once per kilometre is ideal.
一般通勤時,在適度的時速每公里踩一下煞車是理想的狀態
Long stretches of open road driving do not count, as the brakes are not being used.
長距離的行駛在沒有使用煞車的情況下不能算進去
Increase following distances during this time making provision for “green fade” in an emergency stop.
在此階段增加行車安全距離來避免緊急煞車
Never left foot brake or drag the brakes!
不要讓你的腳停留在煞車踏板上休息並且拖著煞車走.
None of the MTR temperature recording paints should have changed during this period.
在這階段,沒有MTR溫度紀錄漆應該要更換


At the end of the first week it should be clearly visible that the pad friction material has achieved maximum contact area with the disc surface.
過了一個禮拜應該要可以清楚的看到來令的摩差材質已經跟碟盤的表面有最大的接觸面積
The ‘pad track area’ of the disc should have none of the silver disc coating left on it and should be an even light-grey colour.
在碟盤上應該再也看不到原本金屬塗層, 而在碟盤上的來令痕跡應該是平整的淡灰色


Bed-in Cycle:
磨合過程
Drive slowly for a few kilometres, using the brakes gently to bring them up to a moderate operating temperature.
慢慢的駕駛幾公里,溫和的讓來令達到一個適度的工作溫度
Perform 6 consecutive brake applications of increasing intensity from 100 km/h down to 30 km/h.
在時速100公里加大煞車力道降至時速30公里連續做六次
If wheel lock-up (or ABS activation) is referred to as a 100% brake effort then you should be aiming to build up to a 60 - 70% brake effort for the last 2 applications.
如果輪胎鎖死(或者ABS作動)那麼就達到了100%的成果,那麼你前兩次的煞車大致上也達到了60-70%的成果了
The applications should be performed consecutively, accelerating normally back up to 100 km/h after each application, before braking again.
這些過程一定是要連貫的,每一次都要加速到時速100公里,然後煞車.
If possible, do NOT come to a complete stop throughout the 6 brake applications described above.
如果可以的話,這六次的煞車動作不要讓車子完全的靜止,到時速30公里就好.
Doing so can result in ‘pad etching’ during which friction material is unevenly deposited onto the brake disc causing DTV and brake judder.
因為這樣可能導致'來令熔接'而來令片的材質不平整的沉澱在碟盤表面上而導致DTV和煞車抖動
The will be visible as the outline of a brake pad on the disc surface. (To learn more about pad etching and DTV click here) 這樣會造成DTV且用肉眼可常見到來令片的外型印在碟盤表面(讀取有關於'來令熔接"和DTV文章)


It is normal to experience a strong smell and even see a small amount of smoke rising from the brakes from the 4th application onwards.
大概在第四次煞車的過程中就會聞到一股強烈的味道甚至看到一點點煙霧
This is not a problem. Be prepared to experience “green fade” from the 4th application onwards.
這沒有問題的.可以參考上面第四項討論"拋光來令"
Drive on, using the brake as little as possible, for a number of kilometres allowing the brakes to cool substantially in the air-stream before parking the vehicle and allowing the brakes to cool completely.
然後開車,煞車則是盡量少用,在你停車之前跑幾公里讓空氣可以冷卻你的煞車
This cooling cycle is important.
這個冷卻動作是很重要的
Gradually build up your driving style over the next 500 - 700 km's while keeping an eye on the MTR temperature measuring paints on the discs.
接下來的500-700公里,逐漸的建立依造你的駕駛習慣而且要注意在碟盤上的MTR溫度感應漆
If the red paint turns white, you are running your discs over 610 deg C and disc life will be reduced as a result.
如果紅色的漆變成了白色,那就是你的碟盤溫度已經超過了攝氏610度,那麼你的碟盤壽命就會減少了
NOTE: In some cases, particularly when using high-performance road or race pads, it may be necessary to repeat the above bedding-cycle once after long periods of very gentle brake use.
注釋:在某些情況,尤其是使用競技型的來令片,在正常使用之前可能要重複幾次磨合的過程
Pads transfer material to the disc surface optimally when operating within their recommended temperature range.
來令片材質轉移到碟盤在來令片的工作溫度是最佳的狀況
Operating the pads below this temperature range my lead to a scrubbing off of the friction material layer on the disc surface.
在來令的工作溫度之下可以磨掉碟盤上的摩差材料層
Repeating the bedding cycle will re-establish the friction transfer layer and re-burnish the pads resulting in optimum performance.
重複這些摩合過程可以重新建立新的摩差材料層直到煞車達到理想的效能為止

Disc Distortion or ‘warping’
Brake Tech #03
第三課 碟盤變型或者'扭曲'
Are warped brake discs the main cause of brake judder?
變形的碟盤真的是造成煞車斗動的主因嗎?
Absolutely not! The overwhelming majority of brake judder complaints are caused by a condition called Disc Thickness Variation (DTV).
當然不是!勢不可擋的,造成大部份的煞車抖動的癥結點是在於所謂的碟盤後度改變(DTV)
In fact brake discs actually warp or distort rather seldom.
事實上碟盤真的扭曲或者變形的情況是少之又少
However distortion can occur and it is worthwhile understanding the causes of distorted brake discs.
然而變形是有可能的而且是值得花時間跟精神來了解為什麼會變形
IMPORTANT: If you have not read Brake Tech article #1, entitled The final word on brake judder» then please do so BEFORE reading this article.
重點:如果你沒有讀取第一課,請你回去看之前的文章
Let’s start off with a basic definition for a “warped” (hereafter referred to as “distorted”) brake disc.
讓我們來定義什麼叫做'扭曲變形'(之後將會用'失真'這個字眼)的碟盤
A brake disc is considered distorted if during operation, or as a result of operation, it changes shape leading to unacceptable axial runout of the friction surfaces of the disc in relation to the caliper and brake pads.
一個被認為是失真的碟盤是由煞車操作過程或者煞車過程導致,改變了外型而導致在卡鉗以及來令片對於碟盤表面形成不可接受的軸外移
This condition may or may not be felt as a brake judder of varying levels of intensity.
這樣的情況,有可能或者不可能被察覺到有不同的強度的煞車抖動
In other words we are ruling out discs that have unacceptable runout measurements, prior to operation, when they leave the factory.
換句話說,當顧客離開保養場直到他開始踩煞車之前,我們訂出了碟盤的不可接受的外移標準,
Runout that results from poor manufacturing processes will lead to DTV and brake judder but did not result from use/abuse of the disc and can therefore not be considered a result of disc distortion.
不良的製作過程導致碟盤外移會導致DTV和煞車抖動但是不會因為使用/妄用碟盤而也不會因為這樣被認為是碟盤變形
Permanent distortion
永恆的失真(變形)
A disc is considered to have permanent distortion when the change in shape and resulting runout remain after the disc has returned to ambient temperature (cooled completely).
一個改變形狀而且完全降溫下來之後還是有軸外移的碟盤,就會被認為是永恆失真的碟盤
In other words it is a permanent condition and will normally be felt even on the initial brake application when disc are cool and is referred to as – “Cold Judder”.
換句話說他是一個永恆的情況且就算是輕微的煞車動作就會被感受出來.即使是冷車的時候.這就是冷抖動
In our experience the most common cause of disc distortion is the failure of drivers to ‘season’ or stress-relieve new discs by following recommended bed-in procedures.
在我們的經驗之中,最常見到的情況就是駕駛者的習慣或者新碟盤的時候沒有做好磨合.
During the disc casting process molten iron is poured into sand moulds at temperatures in excess of 1350˚C and allowed to cool rapidly into solid form.
碟盤的製作過程中熔鐵以超過攝氏1350度被灌入沙模而且馬上就冷卻下來成為固體
This rapid cooling causes internal stresses to be ‘stored’ within the disc casting.
這樣的迅速冷卻過程中很多的內應力被儲存在碟盤裡面
Gradual and moderate thermal cycling (as experienced when bedding-in discs properly after fitment) is a very effective method of relieving these stresses.
適度的熱循環(安裝完碟盤之後的磨合)是很好釋放碟盤裡面的內應力最好的方法
On the other hand - sudden, dramatic heating and cooling of un-seasoned discs can lead to distortion or cracking.
換句話說~突然的,劇烈的呼冷呼熱將會導致失真或者龜裂
So, the message is clear. Always bed discs in correctly prior to hard driving.
所以事情很明顯了.在狂操之前請先磨合你的碟盤
This will relieve internal stresses within the disc and ensure maximum resistance to distortion.
這樣可以釋放碟盤的內應力且可以大大的避免碟盤失真
Powerbrake™ discs ALL undergo a series of ‘weathering’ processes during manufacture that are designed to stress relieve the disc castings.
雖然Powerbrake™的碟盤都有經過我們的專利'風化"處理過程去釋放內應力且加強他們對變型及
龜裂的抵抗力.
Extensive testing has shown that these processes substantially reduce the chances of distortion and cracking.
大量的測試顯示出這些過程實質上可以減低碟盤失真跟龜裂
Having said that, we are the first to point out that correct bed-in has numerous other advantages and MUST be completed before any hard driving is attempted.
還是那一句話,我們指出正確的磨合有太多的好處而且必須在狂操之前就要做到
Temporary distortion
臨時的變形
A disc can also exhibit temporary distortion that occurs when the disc changes shape during operation, resulting in temporary runout, which then disappears after the disc has returned to ambient temperature (cooled completely).
一個碟盤在煞車過程中有可能臨時的變形,導致臨時的外移在碟盤已經完全冷卻下來以後.
In other words it is a temporary condition and will normally be felt only while braking when discs are running hot.
換句話說,這是一個臨時的情況而且當碟盤熱的時候就很容易的被發覺
It is therefore referred to as “Hot Judder”.
這就是熱抖動
Hot judder seems to be most prevalent in discs that have a wide (or tall) friction surface (or pad track).
熱抖動是最普遍發生在碟盤的情況.有寬(或者高)的摩差表面(或者來另摩痕)
It is believed that the differences in heating rates (and the resulting expansion rates) that are caused by substantial differences in rubbing speeds experienced at the inside and outside diameters of the disc friction surfaces can lead to a condition of operational distortion or “Hot judder”.
我們相信不同的熱速率(很大的熱速率)和實質在碟盤表面的內側及外側由不同的摩差速度而導致超作性的變形或者'熱抖動'
This cause seems to be particularly prevalent on many German luxury sedans that feature discs with wide pad tracks and tall pad profile’s.
這種現象普遍的發生在有著大碟盤,大來令片的德國奢華轎車上
The solution often lies in the choice of pad compound that is used in these applications.
解決的方案只能仰賴在選擇適用於該車的來令片
We recommend staying with a premium quality semi-metallic pad.
我們建議使用高優質的半金屬合成來令片
The high metal content of the friction material tends to pull a lot of heat out of the disc, hereby lowering disc temperatures and limiting the causes of “Hot judder”.
高金屬的摩差材質的高熱函值可以從碟盤吸取更高的熱,藉此可以降低碟盤的溫度而且降低了"熱抖動'的發生率
Hi-friction aramid-fibre pads with low metal content will put far more heat into the discs, making the situation worse.
低金屬高摩差的人造纖維來令片會讓碟盤更熱,導致抖動的情況更糟
Another common cause of temporary distortion is uneven material thickness of the friction surfaces of the disc.
另外依個造成臨時失真的情況是碟盤表面有不平整厚度
This occurs as a result of core shift during the casting process.
這的原因是因為鑄造過程中,碟盤對於中心軸的質量不均
In other words, while the outer surfaces of the disc run true from the factory, they end up expanding at different rates during operation as a result of the different thickness of the disc at different points.
換句話說,當碟盤從工廠的製作過程中,造成了碟盤表面的不同厚度
This results in temporary distortion of the disc when hot or “Hot judder”.
這樣的結果在熱或'熱抖動'的時候就會造成臨時的失真
The cooling vanes of the disc make it impossible to correct the thickness variances through machining and the disc must be replaced.
製作過程中有不一致的通風碟盤厚度這樣的碟盤就不能用了
Finally, you should never leave the brake pedal of a vehicle applied after bring the vehicle to a standstill when the discs are very hot.
最後,當你碟盤很熱的時候,你不能踩著碟盤並且讓你的車停滯不動
The area in contact with the friction material will not be allowed to cool as quickly as the rest of the disc surface resulting in definite temporary and possible permanent distortion.
因為來令片接觸碟盤的區域,不能夠迅速的冷卻而且這樣會導致碟盤臨時失真也有可能永遠變形
This is particularly relevant to drivers taking part in track days.
特別是當你猛超過你的愛車之後
You will often notice that race teams will push a racecar backwards and forwards in the pits for a few minutes after the vehicle comes off the track.
你可以常注意到賽車團隊要在賽是結束以後,讓賽車來來回回維修站好幾次
This is to allow the discs (and other components) to rotate and cool more evenly.
這是讓賽車有足夠的時間讓煞車(還有其他零件)可以冷卻下來
Distortion leads to DTV
變形導致DTV
The most important point to accept is that disc distortion, whether temporary or permanent, will eventually lead to DTV.
不管是臨時失真或者永久變形都是會導致DTV
DTV is THE main cause of severe brake judder and results in a downward spiral that will damage a brake disc beyond repair.
DTV是導致煞車抖動而且日與劇增破壞你的碟盤
Tips for avoiding disc distortion:
避免碟盤變形的訣竅:
Buy premium quality discs that are measured in all critical dimensions prior to shipping.
購買在出貨前經過高規格品質管理的碟盤
Buy discs that are ‘weathered’ or ‘seasoned’ by the manufacturer.
購買經過製造業者'風化的'或者'風乾'處理的碟盤
Always follow the manufacturer’s bed-in instructions before driving hard.
在操車前一定要遵守製造業者建議的磨合過程
Be careful of low-metallic, high-friction pads on applications using wide pad track discs.
用高摩差力,低金屬的大型來令片一定要小心
Slow down and let your discs cool before parking the vehicle.
停車前讓車子的速度慢下來,好讓你的碟盤冷卻
Drivers taking part in track days must do a cool down lap prior to leaving the track.
完成賽事以後一定要多繞幾圈讓碟盤冷下來
Never wash your car or spray cool water onto your discs when they are hot.
當碟盤很熱的時候,永遠不要洗車或者向碟盤噴水

終於翻完ㄌㄡ

大致上的錯字也改了

可能有些地方的翻譯是詞不達意 或者是 會錯意的喔

看的懂得英文的人還是建議看原文喔
http://www.powerbrake.co.za/pages/tech.htm

看得好累..........晚點再研究...

TO:lwcjacky(就是天蠍)
你的用心大家感受到囉~
辛苦了
很受用的知識
Thank You~

＋1
感動ㄋㄟ
如果我有這麼好的英文能力
我一定也會回饋FSC
（可惜我英文很爛 ）